There is a (somewhat dormant, but seeing activity lately) proposal for declarations in conditionals i.e. if (let x = whatever); this seems like a pretty natural extension (if it used declaration syntax rather than a new keyword). The idea has come up in the issue tracker there.
Devin told me he was going to present declarations in conditionals at the next meeting (though I don’t see it on the agenda yet) so we’re probably going to be seeing more about that soon.
I don’t see this proposal as particularly handy wrt what’s available today, which adds just a little annoyance. It would also introduce a TypeScript-like syntax which might be problematic for future evolutions of the language.
OTOH, @bakkot reminded of a nice and possibly safer alternative. Maybe it could match the spirit of OP’s proposal?